Métodos diagnósticos de laboratório para coronavirus 2019 n-cov
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Introducción. Las múltiples y desconocidas características del coronavirus 2019-nCoV causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo y de millones de muertes en todo el mundo impulsó al desarrollo rápido de técnicas y kits de diagnóstico de laboratorio basados en la amplificación de secuencias virales o en la determinación de anticuerpos en sangre, sin embargo, tras su aplicación se generaron desacuerdos entre el resultado con la verdadera positividad o negatividad de la enfermedad. Objetivo. A través de la siguiente revisión se busca caracterizar y valorar el uso de las técnicas moleculares y serológicas, en función de factores como la sensibilidad y especificidad, tipo de espécimen y blanco de detección. Metodología. Se emplearon las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Since obteniéndose 136 artículos de los cuales 25 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión como el desarrollo, validación clínica y estandarización de la técnica, así como nuevas metodologías propuestas. Resultados. 17 elementos corresponden al diagnóstico de SARS-CoV-2 por técnicas moleculares y 8 por técnicas serológicas. El mayor número de publicaciones halladas provienen de China (5) y Estados Unidos (4), países de Europa (8) y Asia (6) mientras que, en América Latina se encontraron publicaciones procedentes de Brasil (1) y Ecuador (1). Conclusión. En relación a lo expuesto los ensayos moleculares destacan en su alta sensibilidad y especificidad y son usadas en cualquier etapa de la enfermedad. Las pruebas serológicas por su parte se recomiendan como complemento a las pruebas moleculares así como para monitoreo de la enfermedad en lugar de único marcador diagnóstico.
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