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Ingrid Valeria Flores Zambrano
Christian Andrés Barragán Ramírez
Diego Sebastián Viera Pérez
Xavier Geovanny Muela Santamaria

Introducción: La transición nutricional en América Latina ha desplazado dietas tradicionales por alimentos ultraprocesados y bebidas azucaradas, incrementando el sobrepeso y la obesidad que coexiste con desnutrición persistente, especialmente en poblaciones indígenas andinas. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre hábitos alimentarios y estado nutricional, medido por índice de masa corporal (IMC), en cuatro comunidades indígenas de Tungurahua (Salasaca, Quisapincha, Pilahuín y Chibuleo). Materiales y Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y observacional (abril-julio 2023) con muestreo aleatorio estratificado proporcional por comunidad y racimos por género (n=582; ≥12 años). Se aplicó cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria validado culturalmente (α>0,70; Likert 5 niveles) y mediciones antropométricas duplicadas (peso, talla, circunferencias) para cálculo de IMC. Análisis en SPSS 29.0: descriptivos, ANOVA, Chi-cuadrado, Kruskal-Wallis y correlación de Spearman (α=0,05). Resultados: El IMC medio global se situó en rango de sobrepeso, con heterogeneidad significativa entre comunidades (ANOVA F=4340,62; p<0,001) y en la distribución de categorías (χ²=342,77; p<0,001). Quisapincha y Salasaca presentaron mayor prevalencia de exceso de peso; Chibuleo mostró perfil más equilibrado. El consumo frecuente (≥4 veces/semana) de bebidas azucaradas, frituras y ultraprocesados se asoció a mayor IMC (Spearman r=0,18-0,28); frutas (r=-0,22; p=0,01) y huertos familiares/cereales andinos se asociaron inversamente. Conclusiones: Las comunidades enfrentan doble carga nutricional con predominio de exceso de peso. Los patrones modernizados incrementan el riesgo y las prácticas tradicionales lo atenúan, lo que exige políticas interculturales y multisectoriales con protagonismo indígena.

Introduction: The nutrition transition in Latin America has displaced traditional diets with ultra-processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages, increasing overweight and obesity that coexists with persistent undernutrition, especially in Andean indigenous populations. Objective: To analyze the relationship between dietary habits and nutritional status, measured by body mass index (BMI), in four indigenous communities of Tungurahua (Salasaca, Quisapincha, Pilahuín and Chibuleo). Materials and Methods: Quantitative, cross-sectional, observational study (April-July 2023) with stratified proportional random sampling by community and cluster sampling by gender (n=582; ≥12 years). A culturally validated food frequency questionnaire (α>0.70; 5-level Likert) and duplicate anthropometric measurements (weight, height, circumferences) were applied for BMI calculation (WHO 2020). Analyses in SPSS 29.0: descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation (α=0.05). Results: Mean BMI was in the overweight range, with significant heterogeneity among communities (ANOVA F=4340.62; p<0.001) and in category distribution (χ²=342.77; p<0.001). Quisapincha and Salasaca showed the highest excess weight prevalence; Chibuleo showed a more balanced profile. Frequent consumption (≥4 times/week) of sugar-sweetened beverages, fried and ultra-processed foods was associated with higher BMI (Spearman r=0.18-0.28); fruits (r=-0.22; p=0.01) and home gardens/Andean cereals were inversely associated. Conclusions: Communities face a double burden of malnutrition with excess weight predominance. Modernized patterns increase risk and traditional practices attenuate it, requiring intercultural, multisectoral policies with indigenous leadership. 

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Flores Zambrano IV, Barragán Ramírez CA, Viera Pérez DS, Muela Santamaria XG. Dinámicas alimentarias y estados nutricionales en comunidades indígenas de Tungurahua. Vive Revista de Investigación en Salud. 2026;9(27):1-13. https://doi.org/10.33996/revistavive.v9i27.524
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