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Ingrid Esmeraldas Gurumendi España
María José Rendón Cobos
Mercy Nathaly Alarcón Sánchez
Eduardo Eduson Vélez Pillco
Sara del Roció Falconi San Lucas

Introduction: Population aging in Latin America, particularly in Ecuador, poses significant challenges for health and social protection systems. Objective: To characterize the biological, functional, social, and communicative factors of older adults residing in care homes from a multidimensional perspective. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted among 36 older adults. Observation, individual interviews, and bibliographic and documentary reviews were employed. Clinical and nutritional assessment included medical record review, periodic medical assessments, anthropometric measurements, and the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Functional capacity, communication disorders, and cognitive status were also assessed using speech-language and neuropsychological instruments, including the MoCA, MECV-V, and Boston Test. Results: Overall, 25.0% of participants presented malnutrition or low weight, while 66.7% had reduced muscle mass. Severe mobility limitations were observed in 16.7% of participants, who were confined to bed-to-chair transfers, while 47.2% reported recurrent falls during the previous year. Additionally, 27.8% presented moderate or severe dementia, 16.7% were illiterate, and social isolation associated with family abandonment was identified. Conclusion: The findings reveal an interaction between biological-nutritional deterioration, functional dependence, and communicative isolation, which compromises older adults’ autonomy and highlights the need for comprehensive, person-centered geriatric interventions.

Introducción: El envejecimiento demográfico en América Latina, particularmente en Ecuador, plantea importantes desafíos para los sistemas de salud y protección social. Objetivo: Caracterizar multidimensionalmente los factores biológicos, funcionales, sociales y comunicativos de adultos mayores residentes en casas de acogida. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo y longitudinal realizado en 36 adultos mayores. Se emplearon observación, entrevistas individuales y revisión bibliográfica y documental. La evaluación clínica y nutricional incluyó revisión de historias clínicas, registros médicos, valoración antropométrica y aplicación del Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Asimismo, se evaluaron la capacidad funcional, los trastornos de la comunicación y el estado cognitivo mediante instrumentos fonoaudiológicos y neuropsicológicos, entre ellos MoCA, MECV-V y Test de Boston. Resultados: El 25,0% presentó desnutrición o bajo peso y el 66,7% musculatura reducida. El 16,7% presentó movilidad severamente limitada, permaneciendo confinado de la cama al sillón, mientras que el 47,2% reportó caídas recurrentes durante el último año. Además, el 27,8% presentó demencia moderada o grave, el 16,7% era analfabeto y se identificó aislamiento social asociado al abandono familiar. Conclusión: Se evidencia una interacción entre deterioro biológico-nutricional, dependencia funcional y aislamiento comunicativo, que compromete la autonomía de los adultos mayores y demanda intervenciones geriátricas integrales y centradas en la persona.

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Gurumendi España IE, Rendón Cobos MJ, Alarcón Sánchez MN, Vélez Pillco EE, Falconi San Lucas S del R. Characterization of biological, functional, social, and communication factors in older adults residing in shelter homes. Vive Revista de Investigación en Salud. 2026;9(26):1-17. https://doi.org/10.33996/revistavive.v9i26.509
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